不定式作定语：the boy to write this letter needs a pen./写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。the boy to write this letter is tom./将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。there is nothing to do today./今天无事要做。 分词（短语）作定语：the smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother./那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。the pen bought by her is made in china./她买的笔是中国产的。there are five boys left./有五个留下的男孩。 定语从句：the boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday./那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。the boy you will know is tom./你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。there are five boys who will play the game./参加游戏的男孩有五个。 3二、状语：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般须在时间状语之前；一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于 be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。 有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义，应注意，如：the boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成‘男孩喊教室里的女孩‘（此时 in the classroom为 girl的定语），也可以理解为‘男孩在教室里喊女孩’（此时 in the classroom 为地点状语），最好写作‘ in the classroom,the boy calls the girl.\' 副词（短语）作状语：the boy needs a pen very much./男孩非常需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）the boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother./男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。（宾语较长则状语前置）the boy really needs a pen./男孩真的需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）the boy needs a pen now./now,the boy needs a pen./the boy,now,needs a pen./男孩现在需要一支钢笔。（时间状语） 介词短语作状语：in the classroom,the boy needs a pen./在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。（地点状语）before his mother,tom is always a boy./在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语)on sundays,there is no student in the classroom./星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语) 分词（短语）作状语：he sits there,asking for a pen./他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态）having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen./因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。（原因状语）frightened,he sits there soundlessly./（因为）受了惊吓，他无声地坐在那儿。（原因状语） 不定式作状语：the boy needs a pen to do his homework./男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。