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Poverty reduction and sustainable development

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3.2 Improving health, education and
social services
Improved infrastructure provision, both public and private, would
help reduce social inequality, and accelerate economic growth. Take education
as an example. Education has been regarded as an effective way to promote
sustainable development. Educated and skilled people are usually able to
deliver more output or output that is more valuable in the marketplace, and
their employers tend to recognize that fact with higher wages. Meanwhile,
education is critical to a country’s level and rate of economic development,
primarily because these factors are important to a country’s ability when it
produces and adopts technological innovations. What has to be emphasized is
that although education has so many advantages, it must be accompanies by the
right development strategy. Only in this way, can it bring its potential
function into a full play. Take the Philippines and Vietnam as examples. The
adult literacy in both the Philippines and Vietnam is higher than in most other
Southeast Asian countries. However, the two countries were growing relatively
slowly till to the recently. It is not that the two countries do not pay
attention to education, but largely because of development strategies which
prevented them from making full use of their stock of human capita. In Vietnam
central planning stood in the way, and in the Philippines economic isolation
from the global market was to blame. In recent years, delightfully, both
countries have realized a return on their investment in human capital. Vietnam
adopts a more market based approach to development and radically improving its
growth rate, and the Philippines exports many of its educated workers and
imports their foreign exchange earnings.
 
Improving the infrastructure of health,
education and social services is the most important task in this program. This
is because the currently provision of high quality, reliable, and reasonably
priced infrastructure services in the developing countries is not enough and
urgent to be improved, which represents a major obstacle to continued growth of
the economy and services to the poor, and to the diffusion of the benefits of
liberalization. Considering this, we think in order to improve the
infrastructure of health, education and social services, an effective
delineation of responsibilities between the regulator and the policy maker, and
the creation of independent regulators within a broader restructuring of the
sectors are necessary. In many sectors, privatization and greater reliance on
competition could improve service delivery in many areas. Above all,
infrastructure improvement ought to depend on the removal of the implicit and
explicit subsidies and a move to remunerative user charges.
  
3.3 Regulating and supervising financial system
Good and sound financial system is definitely an effective way to
reduce poverty and make development sustainable. Thus the financial system need
to be well regulated and supervised. On one hand, infrastructures of basic
education and health services need better and more public spending to reduce
poverty and speed growth. Governments usually need more money to improve these
service sectors, such as building schools and hospitals, and providing some
fanatical stimulus to attract both private sector and public sector
participation in infrastructure. All these actions have possibilities to
increase the current low returns on capital invested in these areas and raise
taxable revenues. The improvements in the budgets from reduced explicit and
implicit subsidies and higher taxes from the formerly public enterprises would
permit much needed increases in spending on infrastructure and basic human
development at the Center and state level. On the other hand, regulating and
supervising financial system help make sure the government expenditure well
used for poverty reduction, prevent the social inequality and narrow down the
gap between rich and poor.
India set up a good example on this aspect. It pays much attention
to the financial system and finally its poverty have been sharply reduced.
Specifically, firstly, India think there is a need to deal more rapidly with
weak banks and prevent their non-performing assets from increasing. Secondly,
lending to the private sector needs to improve, which will depend on a reduced
fiscal deficit 《to reduce crowding out》 and better incentives to lend and
collect, including privatization of banks. The payments system lags
improvements elsewhere in the financial sector and would benefit from some
quick improvements. Finally, more transparency, such as making the massive Unit
Trust of India's activities more transparent, reducing settlement times in the capital
market, and improving accounting, auditing and corporate governance, as laid
out in the draft Companies Bill, 1998, would help reduce vulnerability and
improve the allocation of scarce capital.
  3.4 Making effective policies
  
Effective policies is the safeguard which make sure poverty reduction
and sustainable development in the developing countries progressive. For
example, public policies and investments can influence
poverty-agriculture-environment dynamics at various points of the framework.
For example, public agricultural research investments and food price policies
affect shift factors, while technical assistance influences response patterns.
The most effective action for reducing poverty and environmental degradation
will depend on the dynamics of the local change process and the relative
importance of key factors influencing poverty–environment interactions.
We think different country and area have different characters, and
need different policies to change the situation. For instance, we ca make a
policy to give the poor people the right to be as a member of the modern
society without any exclusion. We can also make policies on attract foreign
investment. As is mentioned above, poor people and poor countries have not much
additional savings to make an investment. It not said that they are doomed to
be poor, because foreign investment can improve this situation. Foreign
investment can help them break out of the vicious circle of poverty,
particularly if such investment is accompanied by transfers of advanced
technology from developed countries. The opportunity to benefit from foreign
investment and technology is sometimes referred to as the “advantage of
backwardness”, which should 《at least theoretically》 enable poor people and
countries to develop faster than did today’s rich countries. And if we regard
poverty eradication as the outcome of a sustainable development process, and
focus on the preservation and enhancement of natural resources, as well as on
their equitable distribution. In that case, we can make policies focus on human
rights, inequality and the unsustainable consumption patterns of the wealthy.
Rome wasn't built in a day. It has been a long time that poverty
hinder the process of sustainable development. In order to get more people out poverty and
limit the damage caused by poor people, what is the most important thing we
need to do is being patient, getting united and working together.
  • 小学1年级 - 应用文
  • 字数:6102 投稿日期:2014-7-24 4:04:00

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