Theodore Roosevelt
Born: October 27, 1858, in New York City.
Died: January 6, 1919, at Sagamore Hill, in Oyster Bay, New York.
Buried: Young's Memorial Cemetery1, in Oyster Bay.
Brief History: After graduating from Harvard University in 1880, Roosevelt started a political career, lasting 27 years. Always loyal and traditional, he believed the country should change gradually. He rose through the political ranks and became governor of New York. In 1900, William Mckinley made him his vice president. When Mckinley was assassinated2 he became the youngest man to become president, being only 42 years old. He then won the 1904 election.
Cause of death: Pulmonary embolism3.
Tribute: “Mr. Roosevelt owed his career and achievements to his power over the people. He was preeminently4 a man of action, but he was also a man of utterance5, extraordinarily convincing with audiences and with masses of people. He was a popular idol, not alone because he did things, but because he inspired the people to do things on their own account6.”
Richard Nixon
Born: January 9, 1913, in Yorba Linda, California.
Died: April 22, 1994, in New York City.
Buried: On grounds of Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace, in Yorba Linda.
Brief History: Having a magnetic7 personality, Nixon won his second term as President in a great victory in 1972. He earned the respect of many for the changes he made in foreign policy. This included the withdrawal of U.S. soldiers from Vietnam, which eased8 tensions with the Soviet Union and China. However, he resigned 21 months later when threatened with legal action9, by other politicians, for using his presidential power wrongly.
Cause of death: Stroke.
Tribute: “The difficulties he encountered in office may have diminished10 his Presidency, but what should be remembered are his many outstanding achievements, both foreign and domestic.”
Sigmund Freud
Born: May 6, 1856, in Freiberg, Moravia.
Died: September 23, 1939, in London.
Final resting place: Golders Green Crematorium11, in London.
Brief History: Although a doctor and research scientist, Freud found the mind more interesting than the body. This led him to develop “psychoanalysis12,” a treatment for patients with social and mental problems. For more than 50 years, Freud counseled13 patients, lectured, and wrote many papers before fleeing to London in 1938 to escape the Nazi invasion of Austria.
Cause of death: Cancer of the mouth and jaw.
Tribute: “...Whether he was a true scientist or not, Freud's place is secure if for no other reason than14 that he broke down ancient taboos15 and cleared the way for a new approach to the mind, and hence for a real science of psychology instead of the pseudo-science16 which we now have and which is based on laboratory findings that have little relation to life. He was the most effective disturber of complacency17 in our time.”
Charlie Chaplin
Born: April 16, 1889, in London.
Died: December 25, 1977, in Vevey, Switzerland.
Buried: Vevey Cemetery, in Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland.
Brief History: His style of humor captivated18 audiences around the world. He visited America in 1910 as a theater performer before starring19 in his first film in 1914. Chaplin received two honorary Oscars (1928 and 1972) and was knighted20 by Queen Elizabeth in 1975. A statue of Chaplin was unveiled21 in 1981 in Leicester Square a few yards from one of William Shakespeare.
Cause of death: Natural causes; died peacefully in his sleep.
Tribute: “What Chaplin's Little Tramp did for movies is only part of what he did for mankind. He was and will remain the most familiar, the most human, and beloved fantasy character our century has known.”
Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley
Born: August 30, 1797, in Somers Town, England.
Died: February 1, 1851, in Bournemouth.
Buried: St. Peter's Churchyard, in Bournemouth, Dorset, England.
Brief History: A self-educated writer and the wife of poet Percy Bysshe Shelley, became world-famous for her horror novel Frankenstein, written in 1818. Despite her success, Mary's life was full of hardship, and a number of tragedies, including the death of her mother 10 days after childbirth, the deaths of three of her own infant children, and the drowning death of her beloved husband.
Cause of death: Suspected brain tumor in left cerebral hemisphere22.
Tribute: “There are human beings who are singled out23 as the particular sport24 of the gods. Mary Shelley was one of them. She had every endowment25 except good fortune. Beauty, charm, a keen intellect, and even a touch of genius...but from the moment of her birth to within a few weeks of her death, she was cruelly tortured by circumstance.”
Clara Barton
Born: December 25, 1821, in North Oxford, Massachusetts.
Died: April 12, 1912, in Glen Echo, Maryland.
Buried: North Cemetery in Oxford, Massachusetts.
Brief History: A humanitarian26, nurse and believer in equality of the sexes. In 1861 through to end of the American Civil War she delivered medical supplies and comforted many soldiers on the battlefield. In 1870 she went on vacation to Europe and became involved with the International Red Cross, which led to her involvement in the Franco-Prussian War27. After many years of trying to establish the American Red Cross Society the United States government finally agreed in 1881. She was appointed presidency of the organization.
Cause of death: Chronic pneumonia.
Tribute: “Clara Barton was a woman of remarkable executive28 skill, of unbounded29 enthusiasm, inspired by human ideas...and her name became a household word30, associated in the public mind with goodness and mercy.”
西奥多·罗斯福
生于：1858年10月27日，纽约市
卒于：1919年1月6日，纽约州蚝湾市萨加莫尔山
葬于：蚝湾市扬氏公墓
简历：1880年从哈佛大学毕业后，罗斯福开始了长达27年的政治生涯。他一向忠心耿耿，思想传统，相信国家的变革应该是渐进的。他在政坛一路攀升，成为纽约州长。1900年，威廉·麦金利任命他为副总统。麦金利被暗杀后，他成为美国最年轻的总统，年仅42岁。后来他又赢得了1904年的总统选举。
死因：肺栓塞
赞辞：“罗斯福先生的事业和成就归功于他对于人民的感召力。他既是卓越的实干家，又是雄辩的演说家，广大听众和人民无不对他心悦诚服。他之所以成为大众偶像，不仅因为自己身体力行，还因为他激发了人民的自主能动性。”
理查德·尼克松
生于：1913年1月9日，加利福尼亚州约巴林·达市
卒于：1994年4月22日，纽约市
葬于：约巴·林达市理查德·尼克松图书馆和诞生地附近
简历：尼克松富有磁铁般的个性魅力，1972年的大选他大获全胜，第二次当选总统。他因为在外交政策上的变革而赢得了许多人的尊重，其中包括从越南撤出美国士兵，从而缓和了与苏联和中国的紧张局面。但是，21个月之后，他由于行使总统权力不当而遭到其他政客的诉讼威胁，被迫辞职。
死因：中风
赞辞：“他在任期内遭遇的窘境也许有损于其总统形象，但他无论在内政还是外交上取得的许多杰出成就应该被世人铭记。”
西格蒙德·弗洛伊德
生于：1856年5月6日，摩拉维亚省弗莱贝格市
卒于：1939年9月23日，伦敦
葬于：伦敦戈德斯格林火葬场
简历：虽然弗洛伊德是个医生和科学研究者，但他却发现人的心理比身体更有趣。这个兴趣导致他创立了“心理分析学”，一种针对患有社交和精神障碍的病人的治疗方法。在长达50多年时间里，弗洛伊德为病人提供咨询和建议，授课讲学，并撰写了大量论文，直到1938年为躲避纳粹入侵奥地利而逃往伦敦。
死因：口腔和下颚癌
赞辞：“……无论他是否为真正的科学家，弗洛伊德的重要地位是毋庸置疑的，其原因就在于他打破了古老的禁忌，为一种新的探索人类心灵的方法开辟了道路，从而为一种真正的心理学科开辟了道路；它完全不同于现行的、基于一些与现实生活联系甚少的实验室结果的伪科学。他最有效地搅乱了我们这个时代的志得意满情绪。”
查理·卓别林
生于：1889年4月16日，伦敦
卒于：1977年12月25日，瑞士沃韦市
葬于：瑞士科西尔－苏－沃韦市沃韦公墓
简历：他的幽默风格迷倒了世界各地观众。1910年，他作为一个舞台剧表演者访问美国，1914年，他在自己的第一部电影中担任主角。卓别林获得过两项奥斯卡荣誉奖（1928年和1972年），并于1975年被伊丽莎白女王封为爵士。1981年，一座卓别林雕像在莱斯特广场揭幕，距旁边的莎士比亚雕像仅数码之遥。
死因：自然死亡；在睡眠中平静地去世
赞辞：“卓别林的《流浪汉》对电影事业的贡献只是他对人类贡献的一部分。他曾经是、并将永远是世纪百年间最家喻户晓、最有人性和最受爱戴的传奇人物。”
玛丽·沃斯通克拉夫特·雪莱
生于：1797年8月30日，英格兰萨默斯镇
卒于：1851年2月1日，伯恩茅斯镇
葬于：英格兰多塞特郡伯恩茅斯镇圣·彼得教堂墓地
简历：自学成才的作家，诗人珀西·比希·雪莱之妻，因1818年所著的恐怖小说《弗兰肯斯坦》而享誉世界。尽管事业上取得成功，玛丽的一生却布满艰辛，历尽人间悲剧：其母在分娩后10天便告别人世，她的三个孩子幼年夭折，她深爱的丈夫溺水身亡。
死因：大脑左半球内疑似脑瘤
赞辞：“有些凡人是被众神挑出来作为他们捉弄对象的，玛丽·雪莱就是其中之一。除了好运，她拥有所有的天资、美貌、魅力、敏锐的才智、甚至某些天才的特质……可是从出生的那一刻直到去世前的数周，她都遭受着命运的残酷折磨。”
克莱拉·巴顿
生于：1821年12月25日，马萨诸塞州北牛津市
卒于：1912年4月12日，马里兰州格伦艾科市
葬于：马萨诸塞州牛津市北公墓
简历：人道主义者、护士、两性平等的倡导者。从1861年美国内战开始直到结束，她一直在战场上运送医疗补给，安慰许多战地士兵。1870年她到欧洲度假时，参与了国际红十字会，进而投身普法战争。经过她多年的努力，美国政府最终于1881年同意建立美国红十字会，她被任命为该组织的主席。
死因：慢性肺炎
赞辞：“克莱拉·巴顿女士具有出色的管理才华和无限的热情，其动力源自富于人性的思想……她的名字家喻户晓，她在公众心目中就是善良和慈悲的代名词。”
1. cemetery n. 墓地，公墓
2. assassinate v. 暗杀，行刺
3. pulmonary embolism 肺栓塞
pulmonary adj. 肺部的；embolism [?謖emb?藜liz?藜m] n. 栓塞
4. preeminently adv. 卓越地，杰出地
5. utterance n. 口才；言词
6. on one's own account 为自身利益；责任自负；依靠自己
7. magnetic adj. 有魅力的，有吸引力的
8. ease v. 减轻，缓和
9. legal action 诉讼
10. diminish v. 减损；贬低
11. crematorium n. 火葬场
12. psychoanalysis n. 心理分析（学），精神分析（学）
13. counsel v. 提出建议，忠告
14. no other than 不是别的，正是
15. taboo n. 禁忌，避讳
16. pseudo-science n. 伪科学
17. complacency n. 自满，自鸣得意
18. captivate v. 迷惑，迷住
19. star v. 担任主角
20. knight [nait] v. 授以爵位
21. unveil v. 揭幕；揭示
22. cerebral hemisphere 大脑半球
cerebral adj. 大脑的；hemisphere n. 半球
23. single out 挑选
24. sport n. 玩弄的对象；娱乐，消遣
25. endowment n. 天资，天赋
26. humanitarian n. 人道主义者
27. Franco-Prussian War 1870－1871年法国同普鲁士进行的一场大规模战争
28. executive adj. 管理的；执行的
29. unbounded adj. 无边际的，无限的
30. household word 家喻户晓的词